![]() Other higher fullerenes, like C 70, C 76, C 78, C 82, and C 84, are now available in large enough quantities and their study is developing rapidly. Since the parent C 60 could be produced and separated in large enough quantities, most research has concentrated on its physical and chemical properties together with those of its derivatives. Individual fullerenes were separable by standard chromatographic techniques (alumina/hexane). It was found that the black soot-like material produced by a carbon arc, struck under argon (50–100 mbar pressure), consists of 10±5% of fullerenes which could be extracted using solvents or by sublimation. ![]() This was confirmed five years later when macroscopic quantities of C 60 were isolated. It was concluded that the C 60 and C 70 species were long-lived and their unexpected stability was commensurate with closed-cage fullerene structures. The signal for C 70 + was also prominent. In 1985, experiments which aimed to simulate the physicochemical conditions in a cool red giant star with a plasma generated by a pulsed laser focused in a graphite target led to the detection by mass spectrometry of an exceptionally strong signal for C 60 +. Prassides, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001 1.1 Discovery and Preparation
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